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<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en">
<head>
<meta charset="utf-8">
<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1">
<title>Interface Performance</title>
<meta name="description" content="Query performance measurements of libbitcoin-server across machines and configurations, some with Bitcoin Core, Fulcrum, or Frigate comparisons.">
<link rel="icon" type="image/svg+xml" href="favicon.svg">
<link rel="canonical" href="https://libbitcoin.org/interface-performance.html">
<script>
(function () {
'use strict';
var CANONICAL = 'libbitcoin.org';
var host = location.hostname.toLowerCase();
var local = location.protocol === 'file:' || host === 'localhost' ||
host === '127.0.0.1';
var trusted = local || host === CANONICAL || host === 'libbitcoin.github.io';
var framed = false;
try { framed = window.top !== window.self; } catch (_) { framed = true; }
if (trusted && !(framed && !local)) return;
// Wrong host (squatter proxy) or framed: navigate to the canonical site.
var url = 'https://' + CANONICAL + location.pathname + location.search;
try { window.top.location.replace(url); } catch (_) {}
try { location.replace(url); } catch (_) {}
// Navigation blocked: replace the page with a warning.
document.addEventListener('DOMContentLoaded', function () {
document.body.innerHTML =
'<div style="max-width:36em;margin:15vh auto;padding:0 24px;' +
'font:16px/1.6 system-ui;color:#ededed">' +
'<h1 style="color:#ff2357;font-size:22px">Warning: unofficial mirror</h1>' +
'<p>This page is being served from a domain not controlled by the ' +
'libbitcoin project. Do not trust content, links, or downloads here.</p>' +
'<p>The official site is <a style="color:#ffa022">' +
'https://libbitcoin.org</a>.</p></div>';
document.body.querySelector('a').href = url;
});
})();
</script>
<meta property="og:type" content="website">
<meta property="og:site_name" content="libbitcoin">
<meta property="og:url" content="https://libbitcoin.org/interface-performance.html">
<meta property="og:title" content="Interface Performance">
<meta property="og:description" content="Query performance measurements of libbitcoin-server across machines and configurations, some with Bitcoin Core, Fulcrum, or Frigate comparisons.">
<meta property="og:image" content="https://libbitcoin.org/card3.png">
<meta property="og:image:secure_url" content="https://libbitcoin.org/card3.png">
<meta property="og:image:type" content="image/png">
<meta property="og:image:width" content="2400">
<meta property="og:image:height" content="1260">
<meta property="og:image:alt" content="Libbitcoin is Coming — a Bitcoin full node and query server speaking Electrum, bitcoind, btcd, ZeroMQ, Stratum and the peer protocol.">
<meta name="twitter:card" content="summary_large_image">
<meta name="twitter:title" content="Interface Performance">
<meta name="twitter:description" content="Query performance measurements of libbitcoin-server across machines and configurations, some with Bitcoin Core, Fulcrum, or Frigate comparisons.">
<meta name="twitter:image" content="https://libbitcoin.org/card3.png">
<meta name="twitter:image:alt" content="Libbitcoin is Coming — a Bitcoin full node and query server.">
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<div class="eyebrow">Full stack Bitcoin software</div>
<h1>Interface Performance</h1>
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<p class="lede">
Query performance measurements of <strong>Bitcoin Server</strong> (bs) across machines and
configurations, some with Bitcoin Core, Fulcrum, or Frigate comparisons.
</p>
</header>
<nav class="menu">
<a href="#efficiency">Efficiency</a>
<a href="#throughput">Throughput</a>
<a href="#native-rest-interface">Native REST Interface</a>
<a href="#electrum-interface">Electrum Interface</a>
<a href="#sparrow-interface">Sparrow Interface</a>
<a href="#bitcoin-p2p-interface">Bitcoin P2P Interface</a>
<a href="#bitcoind-json-rpc-interface">Bitcoind JSON-RPC Interface</a>
<a href="#bitcoind-rest-interface">Bitcoind REST Interface</a>
<a href="#zmq-interface">ZMQ Interface</a>
<a href="#btcd-interface">BTCD Interface</a>
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<a href="#methodology">Methodology</a>
</nav>
<section>
<h2 id="efficiency">Efficiency<a class="anchor" href="#efficiency" aria-label="Link to this section">#</a></h2>
<div class="gallery">
<figure class="shot">
<h3>Index efficiency: multiple of other product (log scale)</h3>
<a href="performance/server-efficiency.png"><img src="performance/server-efficiency.png" alt="Index efficiency: multiple of other product (log scale)" loading="lazy"></a>
</figure>
</div>
<p class="lede after">
Index efficiency is Libbitcoin's query rate relative to the other server, divided by the size
of its index relative to the other's, both at block 950,000 (index sizes are on the
<a href="footprint.html#store-size">footprint</a> page). Each value is a
multiple: 2.5× means Libbitcoin delivers 2.5 times the query rate per byte of index, and
below 1× it delivers less. Address history rates are entries per second, silent payments
rates are blocks scanned per second, and other rates are calls per second.
</p>
</section>
<section>
<h2 id="throughput">Throughput<a class="anchor" href="#throughput" aria-label="Link to this section">#</a></h2>
<div class="gallery">
<figure class="shot">
<h3>P2P/S block throughput (linear scale)</h3>
<a href="performance/server-throughput-p2ps-linear.png"><img src="performance/server-throughput-p2ps-linear.png" alt="P2P/S block throughput (linear scale)" loading="lazy"></a>
</figure>
<figure class="shot">
<h3>P2P/S block/tx throughput (log scale)</h3>
<a href="performance/server-throughput-p2p.png"><img src="performance/server-throughput-p2p.png" alt="P2P/S block/tx throughput (log scale)" loading="lazy"></a>
</figure>
<figure class="shot">
<h3>Bitcoind JSON-RPC block/tx throughput (log scale)</h3>
<a href="performance/server-throughput-rpc.png"><img src="performance/server-throughput-rpc.png" alt="Bitcoind JSON-RPC block/tx throughput (log scale)" loading="lazy"></a>
</figure>
<figure class="shot">
<h3>Bitcoind REST block/tx throughput (log scale)</h3>
<a href="performance/server-throughput-rest.png"><img src="performance/server-throughput-rest.png" alt="Bitcoind REST block/tx throughput (log scale)" loading="lazy"></a>
</figure>
<figure class="shot">
<h3>Bitcoind REST hex block/tx throughput (log scale)</h3>
<a href="performance/server-throughput-rest-hex.png"><img src="performance/server-throughput-rest-hex.png" alt="Bitcoind REST hex block/tx throughput (log scale)" loading="lazy"></a>
</figure>
<figure class="shot">
<h3>Native REST block/tx throughput (log scale)</h3>
<a href="performance/server-throughput-native.png"><img src="performance/server-throughput-native.png" alt="Native REST block/tx throughput (log scale)" loading="lazy"></a>
</figure>
</div>
<p class="lede after">
The other charts measure one connection at a time. Throughput is what a server delivers under
many: each connection count requests its own set of blocks or transactions back to back for
20 seconds, repeating the set if it runs out, from 16 client processes, with both servers
configured to accept the full connection count. Each set is requested twice in succession and
the second, warm pass is shown. Block series purge the cache and restart the server before
every connection count; transaction series do so once per series. On the linear block chart,
the dashed line marks the block rate that 10 Gbps of network can carry, so a
block curve above the line means the network, not the server, would be the limit.
</p>
<p class="lede after">
Bitcoin Core serves only
unconfirmed transactions over P2P, so P2P transactions are shown for Libbitcoin alone. Bitcoin
Core serves P2P blocks from a single thread and levels off at about 1,100 blocks per second
from two connections, with latency growing in proportion to the load; Libbitcoin serves them
concurrently and reaches about 7,900 per second by 64 connections. Over encrypted (BIP324)
P2P, Libbitcoin reaches about 4,500 blocks per second and Bitcoin Core about 630, while
Libbitcoin transactions are about as fast as unencrypted, since BIP324 drops the per-message
double SHA-256 checksum and Libbitcoin's ChaCha20 is hardware accelerated.
</p>
<p class="lede after">
Bitcoin Core does not serve HTTPS or websockets, so the HTTPS and websocket series (secure ones
dashed), and the native chart, show Libbitcoin alone. HTTPS uses 256 listening
ports, one per connection. TLS carries data in records of at most 16 KiB, so a 1.5 MB block
is sent as about a hundred separately encrypted and authenticated records; that per-record
work is inherent to HTTPS and secure websockets and weighs most on large responses. The HTTPS and secure websocket curves level off where the test
client's TLS saturates its processes; Libbitcoin uses under six cores at those rates, and the
rate rises with more client processes. Plain HTTP transactions level off near 185,000 per
second.
</p>
</section>
<section>
<h2 id="native-rest-interface">Native REST Interface<a class="anchor" href="#native-rest-interface" aria-label="Link to this section">#</a></h2>
<div class="gallery">
<figure class="shot">
<h3>Chain object rate (log scale)</h3>
<a href="performance/server-native.png"><img src="performance/server-native.png" alt="Chain object rate (log scale)" loading="lazy"></a>
</figure>
<figure class="shot">
<h3>Address output rate (log scale)</h3>
<a href="performance/server-native-history.png"><img src="performance/server-native-history.png" alt="Address output rate (log scale)" loading="lazy"></a>
</figure>
</div>
<p class="lede after">
Libbitcoin only, in binary data format over HTTP. Addresses are grouped by history size as
in the Electrum interface, and an address response is its outputs, so the rate is outputs
returned per second of call time.
</p>
</section>
<section>
<h2 id="electrum-interface">Electrum Interface<a class="anchor" href="#electrum-interface" aria-label="Link to this section">#</a></h2>
<div class="gallery">
<figure class="shot">
<h3>Chain object rate: comparative (log scale)</h3>
<a href="performance/server-electrum.png"><img src="performance/server-electrum.png" alt="Chain object rate: comparative (log scale)" loading="lazy"></a>
</figure>
<figure class="shot">
<h3>Address history rate: comparative (log scale)</h3>
<a href="performance/server-history.png"><img src="performance/server-history.png" alt="Address history rate: comparative (log scale)" loading="lazy"></a>
</figure>
</div>
<p class="lede after">
The Electrum interface is compared with <strong>Fulcrum 2.1.3</strong>, which indexes from Bitcoin
Core at default settings. Addresses are grouped by history size, and the largest class adds 27 addresses of 100k to
2.2M entries. The 0 entries class uses 300 script hashes that own no output, the query a
wallet makes most often when it scans past its last used address, and is plotted in calls per
second. Address history rates are entries returned per second of call time.
</p>
</section>
<section>
<h2 id="sparrow-interface">Sparrow Interface<a class="anchor" href="#sparrow-interface" aria-label="Link to this section">#</a></h2>
<div class="gallery">
<figure class="shot">
<h3>Silent payments scan rate, GPU: comparative (log scale)</h3>
<a href="performance/server-sp-gpu.png"><img src="performance/server-sp-gpu.png" alt="Silent payments scan rate, GPU: comparative (log scale)" loading="lazy"></a>
</figure>
<figure class="shot">
<h3>Silent payments scan rate, CPU: comparative (log scale)</h3>
<a href="performance/server-sp-cpu.png"><img src="performance/server-sp-cpu.png" alt="Silent payments scan rate, CPU: comparative (log scale)" loading="lazy"></a>
</figure>
</div>
<p class="lede after">
The Sparrow interface is compared with <strong>Frigate 1.6.1</strong>, which indexes silent payments
from Bitcoin Core. A silent payments scan subscribes one scan key to a range of blocks ending at 950,000, and is
timed from the subscription to the notification of completion. Each of three repetitions
purges the standby list, scans cold with a new key, then scans warm with the same key. Rates
are blocks of the range per second, and each range is labeled with its approximate span of
time. GPU scans use each server's default GPU backend. CPU scans use Frigate's CPU backend,
UltrafastSecp256k1 field arithmetic on BMI2/ADX, which has no SIMD path, and Libbitcoin's
AVX-512 IFMA scan. A scan the server ended without completing, other than by timeout, is
marked as a server failure.
Libbitcoin's other CPU paths are shown warm, in order of rate above the Libbitcoin AVX-512
IFMA warm bar.
AVX-512F builds the IFMA 52 bit multiply-add from 32 bit multiplies, and AVX-IFMA is measured
as AVX-512 IFMA restricted to its 256 bit registers.
</p>
</section>
<section>
<h2 id="bitcoin-p2p-interface">Bitcoin P2P Interface<a class="anchor" href="#bitcoin-p2p-interface" aria-label="Link to this section">#</a></h2>
<div class="gallery">
<figure class="shot">
<h3>Chain object rate: comparative (log scale)</h3>
<a href="performance/server-p2p.png"><img src="performance/server-p2p.png" alt="Chain object rate: comparative (log scale)" loading="lazy"></a>
</figure>
</div>
<p class="lede after">
Each server is a peer to a single client connection over loopback. A block is a witness block
by getdata, headers and cfheaders are 2,000 per request, and cfilter is one block per
request.
</p>
</section>
<section>
<h2 id="bitcoind-json-rpc-interface">Bitcoind JSON-RPC Interface<a class="anchor" href="#bitcoind-json-rpc-interface" aria-label="Link to this section">#</a></h2>
<div class="gallery">
<figure class="shot">
<h3>Chain object rate: comparative (log scale)</h3>
<a href="performance/server-bitcoind.png"><img src="performance/server-bitcoind.png" alt="Chain object rate: comparative (log scale)" loading="lazy"></a>
</figure>
</div>
<p class="lede after">
The bitcoind JSON-RPC interface is compared with <strong>Bitcoin Core 32.0</strong>.
</p>
</section>
<section>
<h2 id="bitcoind-rest-interface">Bitcoind REST Interface<a class="anchor" href="#bitcoind-rest-interface" aria-label="Link to this section">#</a></h2>
<div class="gallery">
<figure class="shot">
<h3>Chain object rate: comparative (log scale)</h3>
<a href="performance/server-rest.png"><img src="performance/server-rest.png" alt="Chain object rate: comparative (log scale)" loading="lazy"></a>
</figure>
</div>
<p class="lede after">
The bitcoind REST interface is compared with <strong>Bitcoin Core 32.0</strong>.
</p>
</section>
<section>
<h2 id="zmq-interface">ZMQ Interface<a class="anchor" href="#zmq-interface" aria-label="Link to this section">#</a></h2>
<div class="gallery">
<figure class="shot">
<h3>Transaction notification dispatch rate: comparative (log scale)</h3>
<a href="performance/server-dispatch-zmq.png"><img src="performance/server-dispatch-zmq.png" alt="Transaction notification dispatch rate: comparative (log scale)" loading="lazy"></a>
</figure>
<figure class="shot">
<h3>Block notification fan-out time: comparative (log scale)</h3>
<a href="performance/server-dispatch-zmq-block.png"><img src="performance/server-dispatch-zmq-block.png" alt="Block notification fan-out time: comparative (log scale)" loading="lazy"></a>
</figure>
<figure class="shot">
<h3>Chain object rate: comparative (log scale)</h3>
<a href="performance/server-zmq.png"><img src="performance/server-zmq.png" alt="Chain object rate: comparative (log scale)" loading="lazy"></a>
</figure>
</div>
<p class="lede after">
Each server is at block 950,000 with an empty pool. Transaction dispatch is measured with 16 to
256 subscribers on one ZMTP endpoint (CurveZMQ dashed, Libbitcoin only), while one P2P peer
offers the transactions of blocks 950,001 to 950,009 at 500 per second. For each notification,
the span from its arrival at the first subscriber to its arrival at the last is taken, and the
rate is the subscribers reached after the first per second of the median span. At 256
subscribers Libbitcoin delivers each notification to all of them in 1.5 to 1.7 ms (2.7 to 3.2 ms
over CurveZMQ), Bitcoin Core in
8 to 10 ms.
</p>
<p class="lede after">
Block fan-out is measured with 256 to 6,144 rawblock subscribers on one ZMTP endpoint, while
one P2P peer offers nine blocks 6 seconds apart. For each block, the time from its push to its
arrival at the last subscriber is taken, less the same time measured with one subscriber (the
server's download, validation and organization of the pushed block, which precede any
broadcast), and the median over the nine blocks is plotted. At 256 subscribers Libbitcoin
reaches the last of them 23 ms after its fan-out begins, Bitcoin Core 61 ms; at 6,144
subscribers, 754 ms and 1,514 ms. Libbitcoin sends to subscribers from 32 threads and
Bitcoin Core from one; on Windows, Defender network inspection, Web Threat Defense and the
Windows Firewall examine each TCP send under a shared kernel lock, so the parallel sends
contend where the single sender does not, and Libbitcoin's delivery CPU per block is several
times Bitcoin Core's at the larger counts.
</p>
<p class="lede after">
The chain object rate times each of the 28,142 transactions of blocks 950,001 to 950,009,
offered in block order by one P2P peer (inventory, then the transaction when requested), from
its send to the arrival of its rawtx notification on a ZMQ subscription. Rates are 1000 / mean
latency over the 24,517 transactions both servers accepted. Libbitcoin accepted 1,421 more
transactions, as Bitcoin Core's clustered mempool imposes a hardwired capacity limit for
performance reasons. Both rejected 2,204 transactions that were not yet valid at block 950,000:
1,522 are time-locked to a later block, 55 have unsatisfied relative lock times (BIP68), and 627
spend outputs of those.
</p>
</section>
<section>
<h2 id="btcd-interface">BTCD Interface<a class="anchor" href="#btcd-interface" aria-label="Link to this section">#</a></h2>
<p class="lede after">Measurements pending.</p>
</section>
<section>
<h2 id="esplora-interface">Esplora Interface<a class="anchor" href="#esplora-interface" aria-label="Link to this section">#</a></h2>
<p class="lede after">Measurements pending.</p>
</section>
<section>
<h2 id="methodology">Methodology<a class="anchor" href="#methodology" aria-label="Link to this section">#</a></h2>
<p class="lede">
Servers run one at a time on shelly (Threadripper PRO 9985WX, 512 GB, Windows 11), each with a
store at block 950,000, called over loopback from the same machine.
<strong>Libbitcoin 4.0</strong> serves from its own store (address index load factor 5).
<strong>Bitcoin Core 32.0</strong> has txindex, txospenderindex and the basic block filter
index.
</p>
<p class="lede after">
Unless noted, each method is called 300 times, one call at a time on one connection, with
requests drawn from random blocks across the chain. Each of three repetitions purges all
caches and restarts the servers, then makes a cold pass and a warm pass on the same requests.
Calls are timed to the last response byte, and rates are calls per second (1000 / mean ms).
Bitcoin Core and Fulcrum hold all headers in memory, so their warm header bars are hatched.
</p>
</section>
<p class="foot">
<span>Copyright © 2011-2026 libbitcoin developers</span>
</p>
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